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"Developing Expression in Calligraphy" was just that...The normal upright Roman & Italic alphabets distorted; condensed, oblique, twist upward, fit into rectangular, parallelogram, trapezoid shapes, to bring movement & energy.
TOP: Instructor Denis Brown's in-class example of lettering and the spacing between & within letters was done quickly and with borrowed tools.
PIECE with 3 dark areas and
TAKE STRANDS by Suzie Beringer
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LEFT
You really need to click on these to enlarge & appreciate them.
The rhythm of calligraphy
Mono-rhythmic has equal positive and negative spaces. Duo or Polyrhythm are more organic and add excitement, and some options to break the rhythm are counter-filled “a & o’s”, elongated ascenders & descenders, thicks & thins, extended strokes and harmony of direction and proportion.